Why did Liu Zongyuan not write bamboo poems

 ♦ Manseok Poem

    Liu Zongyuan (773-819 AD), styled Zihou, was born in Hedong (now Yongji area of Yuncheng, Shanxi Province), one of the eight great writers, philosophers, essayists and thinkers in the Tang Dynasty。Liu Zongyuan is known as "Han Liu" with Han Yu, "Liu Liu" with Liu Yuxi, and "Wang Mengweiliu" with Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, and Wei Yingwu.。He wrote more than 600 articles such as Eight Records of Yongzhou, which were compiled into Liuhe East Collection.。Liu Zongyuan and Han Yu were both the leading figures of the ancient prose movement in the Middle Tang Dynasty. In the history of Chinese culture, his poetry and prose achievements were extremely outstanding。He and Liu Yuxi in the same year Jin Shi, and together to participate in the failure of Yongzhen reform, Liu Zongyuan first denigrate Yongzhou, after denigrate Liuzhou, suffered worse than Liu Yuxi, until the Yuan and 14 years of bad luck still entangled him, when the emperor recalled him, he died, only 47 years old。

    Although Liu Zongyuan only lived to 47 years old, he created brilliant achievements in literature, and made outstanding contributions in the aspects of Ci Fu, prose, travel notes, fables, essays and literary theory。

    Liu Zongyuan pays attention to the social function of literature and emphasizes that literature must be beneficial to the world。He advocated the perfect combination of ideological content and artistic form, and stressed the importance of writers' moral cultivation。His theory of poetry and literature represented the progressive tendency of the literary movement at that time。

    Liu Zongyuan has more than 140 poems, his poems have a unique artistic style, is an outstanding representative of a school。The poem "Climbing Liuzhou Tower to send Zhangting Feng four states" is a famous piece of seven rules in the Tang Dynasty, and the final sentence "Jiangxue" is also unique in the Tang verse。Compared with Liu Yuxi's poems, Liu Zongyuan's poems have a unique style, Liu's poems are high, Liu's poems are heavy;Liu's poetry expands outwards, while Liu's poems are restrained;Liu Shi Qi Xiong, Liu Shi Gu Qiao;Liu poetry style Lang Li, Liu poetry indifferent to simple ancient。

    The quintessence of Liu Zongyuan's travel notes after being relegated is The Eight Records of Yongzhou, which not only conveys his own experiences and grievances through beautiful scenery, but also describes the author's quiet mood, revealing that the author turned to pursue spiritual sustentation in the extreme depression。<<永州八记>>丰富了古典散文反映生活的新领域，从而确立了山水游记作为独立的文学体裁在文学史上的地位。

    Liu Zongyuan's fable "The Donkey of Qian" is a famous fable in ancient times。"The last straw is exhausted" has become an idiom。Liu Zongyuan's fables inherited and developed the tradition of Zhuangzi and Han Feizi, which were mostly used to satirize and attack the social ugliness at that time, and made good use of various animal personification artistic images to convey philosophy or express political views。Liu Zongyuan's biography inherited the tradition of the Records of the Grand Historian and the Book of the Han Dynasty, and made some innovations。The Ci Fu inherits and develops the traditional form and spirit of Qu Yuan's Ci Fu。

    Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi are close friends, Liu Yuxi's bamboo poems have been praised by the world, but the all-round development of Liu Zongyuan did not leave bamboo poems, or did not write bamboo poems。Why does a literary style of Liu Zongyuan only lack bamboo branches？Can it be analyzed from five aspects。

    First, the characteristics of Zhuzhici and Liu Zongyuan for a while
 

    Zhuzhi Ci is a kind of poetic style, which evolved from the folk songs of ancient Bashu。In the long development process of Zhuzhici，Due to the influence of social and historical changes and the author's personal ideological sentiment，There are three types: one is the folk songs collected and preserved by the literati;The second one is that the literati absorb and blend the essence of the ballads of bamboo poems to create poems with strong folk colors.Liu Yuxi, a representative writer of bamboo poems, repeatedly disparages officials in the south，The South is where folk songs are popular，According to Liu Yuxi's character，He often collects folk songs，Learn the style of folk songs to create poems，There are also works entirely modelled on folk songs，For example, "Zhuzhi Ci", "Yangliuzhi Ci", "Walking on the Embankment" and so on exude the rich life atmosphere of folk songs。Liu Yuxi turned folk songs into literati poetry, which had a great influence on future generations。The three categories are the seven words that are written by the style of Zhuzhici and are still titled "Zhuzhici".。The main feature of bamboo Ci is to chant local scenery, which has formed an indissoluble bond with regional culture。

    This characteristic of Zhuzhici is obviously inconsistent with Liu Zongyuan's mood and situation in his lifetime, so it is difficult to get close to and pay attention to this kind of poetry, let alone have the mind to create。

    Second, Liu Zongyuan's birth and growth experience made him far away from the soil that produced bamboo Ci

    Liu Zongyuan was born in Chang 'an, capital of China. When he was 4 years old, his mother Lu took him to live in a manor in the west of Beijing. His mother's enlightenment education made Liu Zongyuan have a strong interest in knowledge。When his father Liu Zhen became an official in Jiangxi Province at the age of 7, Liu Zongyuan followed his father's eunuch tour, directly contacted the society, increased his knowledge, he participated in social intercourse, made friends and received people's attention。Soon, he returned to Chang 'an。His father, who was good at writing and writing, and his mother, who believed in Buddhism, laid the foundation for the formation of his later thought of "unifying Confucianism and Buddhism"。Liu Zongyuan became a young scholar at the age of 21, and in 801, Liu Zongyuan was appointed to the rank of Lantian。In 803, Liu Zongyuan was transferred back to Chang 'an to supervise the imperial history, from then on, he had more extensive contacts with the upper echelons of the official circle, had a deep understanding of the dark corruption of politics, gradually germinated the desire for reform, and became an important figure in Wang Shuwen's reformist faction。
The failure of Wang Shuwen's reform made Liu Zongyuan extremely painful in spirit, so he formed the "sense of distress" of ancient intellectuals in his life, worried about the country and the people, and took the world as his own duty。Confucius has a saying: "Scholars aim at the Tao", which means to understand the world, but also to practice, to practice the "Tao" you know, Liu Zongyuan is just like this。Liu Zongyuan is a generation of rational, independent thinking, free thinking, as Chen Yinke said: "free thinking, independent spirit"。Liu Zongyuan exemplifies the inner and spiritual essence of the ancient intellectuals who actively "enter the world"。This kind of mentality and pursuit is not the soil for producing bamboo poems。

    Third, Liu Zongyuan's thinking of multiple orientation, but no time to take into account the multiple exploration of poetic style
 

    Liu Zongyuan's thought is active, and he has made great achievements in thinking about politics, ideology, literature and economy。His political thought is mainly embodied in the progressive social history view and the Confucian people-oriented thought。His sociopolitical treatise on Feudalism is his most famous political treatise。Liu Zongyuan believes that the whole social history is a natural development process, which has an inevitable trend of objective development independent of people's will。He focused on farming and building water conservancy to benefit and reassure the people。

    Liu Zongyuan used to philosophize and pursue the transcendence of ideology and politics. He was a famous thinker and local official in Chinese history。Liu Zongyuan's philosophical works include "Non-Guoyu", "Zhenfu", "The Theory of Seasons", "The Theory of Punishment", "The Theory of Heaven", "the Theory of Heaven" and so on。In these works, he opposed the doctrine of heaven, heaven's destiny, and Heaven's way, criticized theology, and emphasized personnel, which was very valuable in the feudal society where theological superstition dominated more than a thousand years ago。Liu Zongyuan interprets the relationship between heaven and man from the viewpoint of simple materialism and criticizes the idealism of destiny。他的哲学思想把古代朴素唯物主义无神论思想发展到了一个新的高度，毛泽东说“柳宗元是一位唯物主义哲学家，见之于他的《皇冠体育比分网手机入口》，这篇哲学论著提出了‘天与人交相胜’的论点，反对天命论。Liu Zongyuan's rational thinking and practical spirit have left him no time to take into account the exploration of bamboo Ci in the field of literature。

    Fourth, Liu Zongyuan's character and circumstances made him isolated from Zhuzhicci

    Liu Zongyuan is a persistent person, his character is very straight, stubborn, stubborn faith component is very heavy, after being dismissed, still want to go back to the court to be a politician, so want to detached but detached。He visited mountains and rivers，It's often a "smile for a while."，The Story of Little Shitan, for example, says that he immersed himself in the beauty of Shitan for only a few moments，Then "with its border too clear，Remember it and go away."，Whenever he is alone in the landscape，That's when he was loneliest，It was the heaviest of his feelings of abandonment, imprisonment and wastage，It was when he was at his most despairing。This characteristic of Liu is due to his unique temperament, but also due to his profound thought, although he has a very keen philosophical insight, but he does not have the ability to solve his own dilemma。Faced with the heavy worries of life, he read Buddha books and traveled the landscape, hoping to achieve transcendence. This kind of mentality of alternating sorrow and joy and focusing on worry made Liu's poems about travel tinged with a rich color of quiet and sad。Su Shi commented on Liu's poems: "There is joy in sorrow, and there is sorrow in music。It is precisely because Liu Zongyuan fundamentally can not achieve transcendental relief, so in the endless exile career, endured much more intense mental torture than ordinary people。The bamboo Ci is a kind of relaxed and lively style from the public, Liu Zongyuan could not consciously accept this kind of poetry under the mood at that time。

    Five, Liu Zongyuan died young, did not have time to try the creation of Zhuzhici

    If Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi are compared, Liu Yuxi is one year older than Liu Zongyuan, and his birth is very similar to Liu Zongyuan, the two people are similar in talent, sexual interest, family children, and political track is the same。Two people know each other because of the same path, and know each other by knowing each other, and become friends by knowing each other, sharing weal and woe, sharing hardships, and shining each other。But Liu Yuxi is a broad man, in the face of frustration with a heroic and optimistic attitude to life, in his old age to move the prince guest division of the eastern capital Luoyang, 71 years old died。Liu Woo-xi lived to the age of 70, if the character of generosity helped Liu to produce bamboo branches, then Liu's longevity is also one of the reasons for his success。However, Liu Zongyuan is a person of persistent character and stubborn belief, and gradually developed to his character variation, causing his life to die prematurely, and perseverance made him pay the price of his life!If Liu Zongyuan could live longer, enter the late age, and have a philosophical outlook on personnel, there should be bamboo poems published。

2015年10月